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Universal Background Check Checks What?

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Background checks for private sales of firearms in the The states

This article is near background checks for individual sales of firearms in the U.s.. For background checks in general, see Background bank check.

Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United states of america to be recorded and become through the National Instant Criminal Groundwork Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the individual sale exemption. Universal groundwork checks are not required by U.South. federal law, just at least 22 states and the District of Columbia currently require groundwork checks for at least some individual sales of firearms.

Background [edit]

Federal law requires groundwork checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the Usa. This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, found that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a background check.[one] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without groundwork checks.[1] The electric current federal constabulary allows people not "engaged in the business" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to End Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System had prevented over 1.iv million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005.[ii] Co-ordinate to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive effect, that deters illegal purchases.

In Nov 1998, President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[3] : 3, 12 [four] [5] : 27 Two months afterwards, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released.[three] The Secretary and the A.G. made seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun prove," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business".

Later the Columbine High Schoolhouse massacre in Apr 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate.[6] [7] [8] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, "Nosotros think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show."[9] : 118 Those concerned almost the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[10] [nb i] Efforts to opposite a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) past requiring criminal background checks and buy records on private sales at gun shows, which had become prolific in the U.Southward. since the police force's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[11] [12]

Private auction exemption [edit]

In the Baronial 5, 2010, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David K. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows business relationship for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more than effective strategy would exist to brand all private-party gun sales get through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do.[13] Their report concluded:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience still, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the general population endorsed regulation for all private-party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organisation Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger support to this all-inclusive arroyo than to a gun-show-only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same system. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Hill. It would therefore seem preferable to move forrad with the version that is almost probable to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December 14, 2012 Sandy Claw Elementary School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks[14] [15] [xvi] to close what is at present referred to as the "private sale loophole."[17] [xviii] [19] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included individual sales would upshot in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[20] : 103 In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that afterward the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background bank check at that place was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 report published in the journal Injury Prevention constitute that almost 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are non required to conduct background checks in a majority of states due to the private sale exemption.[22] A 2016 survey of federal and state prison house inmates by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that among prisoners who possessed a gun during their criminal offense, x.1% obtained the gun through a retail source (vii.5% gun shop/store, 1.6% pawn shop, 0.8% gun show, and 0.4% from a plea market); 25.3% obtained the gun from an individual (family member, friend, or other, whether purchased, traded, borrowed, or received as a gift); 43.2% obtained the gun off the street or through the underground market (such as "markets for stolen goods, middlemen for stolen goods, criminals or criminal enterprises" or people involved in the illegal drug merchandise); 6.four% obtained the gun through theft; and 17.4% obtained the gun from another source.[23]

In 2017, a study by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did non undergo a background check earlier doing and then.[24]

Public opinion [edit]

Universal background checks relish high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey plant 86% of registered voters in the United States supported the measure.[25] Five national polls conducted in 2015 testify high levels of support for "expanded groundwork checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% back up in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% support in a Gallup survey, 85% support in a Pew Research Heart survey).[26] A 2015 survey establish that more than xc% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more than constructive than whatsoever other gun policy.[27] There is bear witness that many Americans incorrectly call back that universal background checks are required by federal police force; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the example. The same survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while but 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors concluded that "this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."[28]

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, co-ordinate to a Pew Research Center survey.[29] In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and not-gun owners (87%), supported groundwork checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Inquiry Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- 2.eight% at the 95% level of confidence.[30] In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas Loftier School shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal background checks.[31] [32] 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, co-ordinate to a Politico/Morning Consult poll with a margin of mistake +/- two%.[31] 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, co-ordinate to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of mistake of +/- three.4%.[32]

A July 2019 poll past NPR found that 89% of respondents supported background checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales.[33] An overwhelming bulk of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their back up, suggesting in that location is bipartisan popular consensus on the wide topic in the public.[34]

Opposition [edit]

Gun rights groups such every bit the National Burglarize Clan and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background check proposals.[35] [36] Opponents of universal background checks fence that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the government does non prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned abroad by the current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be defined too broadly.[37] Opponents also maintain that universal groundwork checks would non end law-breaking[37] [38] and assert that the just manner to properly enforce a universal organization would be to require a registration database.[38] Gun-rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, background checks added an effective cost of $lxxx (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an constructive tax on guns and can foreclose less flush Americans from purchasing them, and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high-criminal offence urban areas.[39]

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal groundwork bank check laws.[forty] [41]

Effectiveness [edit]

Studies [edit]

Universal background check laws were associated with a 14.9% reduction in overall homicides, co-ordinate to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston Academy Schoolhouse of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan Schoolhouse of Public Wellness published past the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The study authors wrote that "further research is necessary to determine whether these associations are causal ones".[42]

An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Plan (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Inquiry at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found no change in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years following California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The report'south command group used firearm and non-firearm mortality information for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the period from 1981-2000. In the study period, firearm suicide rates were 10.9 percent lower in California simply a similar decrease in non-firearm suicide was likewise observed. The written report found no net difference between firearm-related homicide rates earlier and during the study menses. The report authors identified a number of possible reasons for the zero finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-check databases (especially pre-2000); a failure by sellers to conduct the background bank check as required past police force; and the minor number of persons affected by the California police.[43]

Another study by the VPRP constitute that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, just non in Colorado or Washington. Non-compliance with the policy may explain the lack of an increase in the latter ii states.[44]

A study published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in two states. The study compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the 2 states' study periods were within the range of natural variability. The report as well ended that in society to empathise whether comprehensive background checks by and large reduce firearm deaths, more testify from other states is needed.[45]

A written report published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Wellness by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Middle for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Wellness institute comprehensive groundwork cheque (CBC) laws not tied to a allow-to-purchase law were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but not not-firearm homicide rates.[46] The authors of the study noted, however, that they take "identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a groundwork check would result in increased homicide rates."[46] In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC-merely laws were doing so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.[46]

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure out the bear upon that 25 different state laws had on overall firearm-related bloodshed, and information technology found that universal groundwork checks had the strongest overall impact.[47] Additionally, the researchers' project of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm mortality could drop from x.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[47] A 2015 report published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in order to obtain a required permit) "was associated with a 40 percent reject in gun homicides and a 15 percent driblet in suicides" during the police force's first ten years in effect.[48] A 2014 study published in the Periodical of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a "let-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a groundwork-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15% increase in the murder rate, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri."[49] The report controlled for other variables that might affect homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of 4 other types of land laws."[49] A 2013 written report published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation beyond the U.S. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and concluded that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[50]

Scholarly surveys [edit]

In a survey published by the New York Times in Jan 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and law rated universal groundwork checks as the nearly effective policy to forestall gun deaths, ranking information technology #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies (seven.3 on a 10-point effectiveness calibration).[51] In a subsequent expert survey published in October 2017 on policies to adjourn mass shooting deaths specifically, the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers as six.six and half-dozen.5 (on a ten-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them as the 5th- and sixth-most effective of 20 gun-policy proposals.[52]

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the winter 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Establish quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical report on firearms in a peer-reviewed journal) to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus viii boosted policies that would loosen gun regulation, and 5 additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked about "murder rates" rather than gun homicides considering they made the assumption that stricter gun laws would not bear upon the homicide rate.) Respondents ranked universal groundwork checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were substantially likelier than economists and criminologists to charge per unit universal groundwork checks as effective.[53]

Implications for mental health counseling [edit]

Universal background check laws, which require that a background bank check be conducted before any gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion almost whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made information technology more than difficult for them to counsel their patients.[54]

States with universal background bank check laws [edit]

As 2022, 21 states and District of Columbia require background checks for at to the lowest degree some private sales of firearms; of these, xvi states and the District of Columbia require background checks for all gun sales.[55]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Middle[55]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia "Mostly require universal background checks at the bespeak of sale for all sales of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[55] New Mexico and Virginia law includes an exemption for "transfers that are non made for a fee or other remuneration."[55]
Pennsylvania Requires background checks at the bespeak of sale for handguns, only not for long guns.[55]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Require all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit, issued afterward a groundwork check, in order to buy any firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a point-of-sale background check, although Illinois does requires a point-of-auction background check for all purchasers at gun shows.[55]
New Jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a let to buy a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, deport the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[55]
Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina "Permit and background check requirement for handgun purchases just not long-gun purchases."[55]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on individual sales failed after a closely fought entrada, with "yes" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.eight% of the vote.[56] [57] In 2014, a plebiscite in Washington land to require background checks on private sales (Initiative Measure No. 594) passed,[55] with "yes" gaining 59.3% of the vote and "no" gaining 40.7% of the vote.[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A study released in 2009, x years later on Columbine, discussed the role that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico.[5]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, Md, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD (2017). "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks". Annals of Internal Medicine. 166 (four): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050. S2CID 31958298. Retrieved Feb 20, 2017. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "America'south Gun Shows: Open Markets for Criminals" (PDF). Coalition to End Gun Violence & Educational Fund to Terminate Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.Southward. Department of Justice (January 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Evidence undercover" (PDF). October 2009. p. 11. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.South. Efforts to Combat Artillery Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. Us Authorities Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The debate on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Group. January 1, 2000.
  7. ^ National Conference of State Legislatures (June one, 2000). "Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate". The Gratis Library past Farlex. Gale Group.
  8. ^ "No Questions Asked: Groundwork Checks, Gun Shows, and Criminal offence" (PDF). Americans for Gun Prophylactic Foundation. April 1, 2001.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Statement of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Association at Pending Firearms Legislation and the Administration's Enforcement of Electric current Gun Laws: Hearing Earlier the Subcommittee on Criminal offence of the Committee of the Judiciary of the Business firm of Representatives One Hundred Sixth Congress First Session". commdocs.firm.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 4, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ "Post-obit the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers" (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February thirteen, 2000). "Dealers alive for gun shows". Denverpost.com . Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun testify". rollingstone.com . Retrieved January thirty, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David G. (August v, 2010). "Private-Party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Safety". The New England Periodical of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 363 (6): 508–511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June 30, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (December 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Fence, Arguments for Tougher Background Checks, Improve Country Reporting". ABC News Cyberspace Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (January xi, 2013). "iv Questions About 'Universal Background Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Web log). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate still rages afterward Sandy Claw slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (January 12, 2013). "Gun debate 101: Time for 'universal' background checks on buyers?". Christian Scientific discipline Monitor . Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background check:' What does information technology mean?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (December 15, 2011). "Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia". WUSA9. Archived from the original on Feb viii, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015. These Internet sales really are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (Nov 29, 2012). "Gun-Control Anteroom Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Animate being.
  19. ^ More private auction loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (December 21, 2012). "Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Mail.
    • "Universal Background Checks & the Private Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Constabulary Eye to Prevent Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun constabulary loophole could have provided Brinsley's murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known equally the private auction loophole, he could have purchased the firearm in the private market at a gun prove or out of someone's trunk.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January 16, 2015). "Gun Rights Grouping Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Background Checks for Firearm Sales: Evidence from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel W.; Vernick, Jon S. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Printing. pp. 95–107. ISBN978-ane-4214-1110-1. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (February eighteen, 2014). "ID Check Repeal Prompts Spike In Murders, Study Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon Southward.; Webster, Daniel Westward. (2012). "Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. nineteen (1): 26–31. doi:ten.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Mariel, Alper (May 27, 2022). "Source and Use of Firearms Involved in Crimes: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016" (PDF). bjs.ojp.gov. p. seven. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  24. ^ Miller, 1000; Hepburn, L; Azrael, D (three Jan 2017). "Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Register of Internal Medicine. 166 (4): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  25. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (January 10, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Concur". The New York Times . Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  26. ^ Carroll, Lauren (5 Jan 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says merits that 90% support for gun background checks has been debunked". Politifact . Retrieved 7 Jan 2016.
  27. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (October 2015). "Assessing views nigh gun violence reduction policy: A look at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: l–54. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  28. ^ Aronow, Peter M; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and back up for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00042-8. PMID 26842292.
  29. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January v, 2016). "5 facts near guns in the United States". Pew Research Eye. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  30. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America'southward Circuitous Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  31. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (February 28, 2018). "Gun control back up surges in polls". Politician. Retrieved March 19, 2018. Eighty-viii percent support requiring background checks on all gun sales.
  32. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September three, 2019. 94 Percentage Back Universal Gun Groundwork Checks
  33. ^ Montanaro, Domenico (10 August 2019). "Americans Largely Back up Gun Restrictions To 'Do Something' About Gun Violence". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  34. ^ "Poll: Americans Not Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  35. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA chief that universal background checks are off the tabular array", Washington Post (August 20, 2019).
  36. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, 11 other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September 10, 2019).
  37. ^ a b Practiced, Chris (Apr 10, 2013). "The Example Confronting Gun Groundwork Checks". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June xxx, 2014.
  38. ^ a b G&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Background Checks 'Non a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June thirty, 2014. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  39. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  40. ^ "Daily Bulletin: Students Prep the Side by side Round of School Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  41. ^ "New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun background checks". Las Cruces Sun-News . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  42. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Impact of Country Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA, 1991–2016: a Panel Report". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 34 (ten): 2021–2028. doi:x.1007/s11606-019-04922-ten. PMC6816623. PMID 30924089.
  43. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose M.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon South; Webster, Daniel W; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California'due south comprehensive background check and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm mortality". Annals of Epidemiology. 30: 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.x.001. PMID 30744830. S2CID 73451154.
  44. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Kagawa, Rose One thousand. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive background check policy and firearm background checks in 3 US states". Injury Prevention. 24 (6): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  45. ^ Kagawa, Rose One thousand.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (iv): 494–502. doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  46. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.1000., Merrill-Francis, K., McCourt, A. et al. "Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Health (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3
  47. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew East; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-thirty). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the Us: a cross-sectional, state-level study". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(xv)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  48. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel West. (2015). "Association Between Connecticut's Allow-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides". American Journal of Public Health. 105 (eight): e49–e54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC4504296. PMID 26066959.
  49. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon South. (2014). "Furnishings of the repeal of Missouri'south handgun purchaser licensing police on homicides". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (ii): 293–302. doi:ten.1007/s11524-014-9865-8. PMC3978146. PMID 24604521.
  50. ^ Fleegler, Eric West.; Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-xiii). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (9): 732–40. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  51. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (Jan 10, 2017). "How to Forestall Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Hold". New York Times.
  52. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (October 5, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  53. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, MD, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Practiced Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Winter 2019-2020).
  54. ^ McCourt, Advertizing; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, Southward; Runyan, CW (i Jan 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Forestall Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i Universal Background Checks, Giffords Police Center to Prevent Gun Violence (accessed June 12, 2022).
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun background checks defeated", Portland Printing Herald (November eight, 2016).
  57. ^ "November 8, 2016 Plebiscite Election: Official Results", Maine Department of the Secretarial assistant of State, Agency of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "November iv, 2014 Full general Election Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns background checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretary of State.

Further reading [edit]

  • Editorial board (February 18, 2014). "Missouri written report shows why nosotros need universal gun background checks". Chicago Sunday-Times. Sun-Times Media. Retrieved June xxx, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March ane, 2013). "Gun Command Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Groundwork Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Military Style Firearms" (PDF). U.S. Department of State . Retrieved February 17, 2015.

Universal Background Check Checks What?,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_background_check

Posted by: quanwhouners.blogspot.com

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